How do you classify organic compounds and list out the organic functional groups with its structural formula?

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Organic compounds can be classified based on their functional groups, which are specific arrangements of atoms or bonds within a molecule that impart characteristic chemical properties to the compound. Here are some common functional groups along with their structural formulas:


1. **Alkanes:**

   - Functional Group: C-C single bonds

   - Structural Formula: \( \text{R}-\text{C}_n\text{H}_{2n+2} \)


2. **Alkenes:**

   - Functional Group: C=C double bond

   - Structural Formula: \( \text{R}-\text{C}_n\text{H}_{2n} \)


3. **Alkynes:**

   - Functional Group: C≡C triple bond

   - Structural Formula: \( \text{R}-\text{C}_n\text{H}_{2n-2} \)


4. **Alkyl Halides:**

   - Functional Group: C-X (where X is a halogen - F, Cl, Br, I)

   - Structural Formula: \( \text{R}-\text{X} \)


5. **Alcohols:**

   - Functional Group: -OH

   - Structural Formula: \( \text{R}-\text{OH} \)


6. **Ethers:**

   - Functional Group: R-O-R

   - Structural Formula: \( \text{R}-\text{O}-\text{R} \)


7. **Amines:**

   - Functional Group: -NH\(_2\), -NR\(_2\), -NHR (where R is an alkyl group)

   - Structural Formula: \( \text{R}-\text{NH}_2, \text{R}_2\text{NH}, \text{R}-\text{NH}_2R \)


8. **Aldehydes:**

   - Functional Group: -CHO

   - Structural Formula: \( \text{R}-\text{CHO} \)


9. **Ketones:**

   - Functional Group: -C(=O)-

   - Structural Formula: \( \text{R}-\text{CO}-\text{R'} \)


10. **Carboxylic Acids:**

   - Functional Group: -COOH

   - Structural Formula: \( \text{R}-\text{COOH} \)


11. **Esters:**

    - Functional Group: -COOR (where R is an alkyl group)

    - Structural Formula: \( \text{R}-\text{COO}-\text{R'} \)


12. **Amides:**

    - Functional Group: -CONH\(_2\), -CONR\(_2\) (where R is an alkyl group)

    - Structural Formula: \( \text{R}-\text{CONH}_2, \text{R}_2\text{CONH} \)


These are just a few examples, and there are many more functional groups that impart specific chemical properties to organic compounds. The classification based on functional groups provides a systematic way to study and understand the diverse array of organic compounds.

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